SLC COMPUTER SCIENCE QBASIC FILE HANDLING QUESTION COLLECTION

               1. Write a program to create a sequential data file “RESULT.DAT” to store name, address and marks      obtained in 3 different subjects of students. [PABSON SEND UP 2066]

                2. Write a program to search and display only those record whose percentage is more than 60% from the data “RESULT.DAT” which contain Student’s Symbol number, Date of birth, Total Marks, Percentage and Division. [PABSON SEND UP 2067]

                 3. A data file name “STUDENT.DAT”, contains number of records having fields name, post and salary. Write  program to count total number of “Manager” in the data file. (hint: Manager is a post) [SLC SEND UP 2067]

              4. WAP to create sequential file “Person.DAT” containing information like Name, age, DOB and sex. Add records in this data file as per the users choice. [PABSON SLC 2064]

           5. Write a program to store SIDNO, name, address and Telephone number of five students and display the records on monitor in sequential data file “STDINFO”. [MAAF SLC SEND UP 2068]

            6. Write a program to create a data file “SLC.dat” to store Name,Class,and marks in three subjects of 15 students.      [PABSON SLC SEND UP 2068]

          7. Write a program to create a data file”result.dat” to store name, Address, and obt. Marks in three different subjects of students. [SLC SEND UP 2069]

            8. Write a program to open a data file “STUDENT.DAT”that contains Name, Address, Telephone number and Parent’s Name of some students. Now display all those records whose address is “LALITPUR”. [JM SECOND TERM 2068]

             9.  A data file”STUDENT.DAT” has several records in it.Write a program to read existing record from the file and display the total number or records.

      10.Create a sequential data file’Price.dat’to store item  name ,quantity and Rate also calculate    total  amount(total=Quantity X Rate).Program should terminate according to the user’s choice.

          11. Create a sequential data file’post.dat’ to store name and marks of any three subjects also calculate total and percentages only for 15 students.          

          12.A sequential data file’post.dat’ has few records related to name,address,salary and DOB            (mm/dd/yyyy).WAP to:

              a)Display all the records as well as count and display he total number of records also.

              b) Display the records whose address begins with ‘S’ or ‘D’

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Database: MS Access | Computer Science

1)    What is database? Give two examples.
Ans:Database is a collection of related and organized information 
that can be used for different purpose.
Two examples of database are:
i) Dictionary
ii) Telephone Directory




2)    Differentiate between data and table.
Ans:
Data    Table
i)    Data can be numbers, letters or symbols representing facts and figures which may or may not give 
any sense.    i)    Table is an object of database that stores large volume of data in the form of rows and
 columns.

3)    State the advantages of managing database information in access.
Ans:The advantages of managing database information in access are:
i) It controls data redundancy which means duplication of data.
ii) It allows sharing the existing data by different programs.
iii) Large volume of data can be stored and updated easily.
iv) It provides high security of data as well as maintains accurate database.

4)    Differentiate between database and database management system
Ans:
Database    Database Management System
i)    Database is a collection of related and organized information that can be used for different purposes  
  i)     DBMS is software which is used to manage data in an organized way.
ii)    E.g.: Telephone directory, Dictionary, etc.    iii)    E.g.: MS-Access, Oracle

5)    Differentiate between computerized and non-computerized database.
Ans:

Computerized    Non-Computerized
i)    It can store large volume of data.    i) It is limited by physical storage available.
ii)    It is very fast to find a specific record.    ii) It can take a while to manually search through all
 of the records.
iii) Data can be sorted into ascending or descending order on multiple criteria.    iii) Difficult to sort
 data on more than one criteria
iv) The database can be kept secure by use of passwords.    iv) The only security would be locking up
 the records.


6)    What is data? Write with examples.
Ans:Data can be numbers, letters or symbols representing facts and figures which may or may not 
give any sense.E.g.: Ram, student, 20, etc.
7)    What is information?
Ans: Information is an organized collection of related data, which gives a complete sense. 
For example: “He is a boy.” , etc.

8)    Differentiate between data and information.
Ans:
Data    Information
i) Data can be numbers, letters or symbols representing facts and figures which may or may not give any sense.    i) Information is an organized collection of related data which gives a complete sense.
ii) E.g.: Ram, student, 20, etc.    ii) E.g.: Ram is a student. He is 20 years old., etc.

9)    Differentiate between record and table.
Ans:
Record    Table
i) Record is a collection of multiple related fields in a row which gives complete information about a person or thing.    i) Table is an object of database that stores large volume of data in the form of rows and columns.
10)    What is MS-Access?
Ans:MS-Access is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft Corporation which is used to store and manipulates large volume of data in the form of table.

11)    Define DBMS with example.
Ans:DBMS is a software which is used to manage data in an organized way.
E.g.: MS-Access, Oracle, etc.

12)    11. Define RDBMS with example.
Ans: It is a database management system that is based on the relation model in which data is stored in the form of tables and the relationship among the data is also stored in the form of tables. 
E.g.: SQL, MS-Access, Oracle, etc.

13)    List any four featured of DBMS.
Ans: The four features of DBMS are:
i) It controls data redundancy which means duplication of data.
ii) It allows sharing the existing database by different programs.
iii) Large volume of data can be stored and updated easily.
iv) It provides high security of data as well as maintains accurate database.

14)     List any four features of MS-Access?
Ans: The four features of MS-Access are:
i) It provides the flexible ways to add, edit, delete and display the related data.
ii) Queries help to view, change and analyse the data indifferent ways.
iii) Forms are used for viewing and editing the information.
iv) Reports are used for summarizing and printing the data.

15)    Define the term of input mask and relationship.
Ans: 
Input mask: It is a field property that controls the value of a record and sets in a specific format.
Relationship: It is an association among several entities (table).

16)    What is caption?
Ans: Caption is a field property which displays an alternate name for the field to make the field name more explanatory. It can contain up to 2048 characters. 

17)    What are the different objects of MS-Access?
Ans: The different objects of MS-Access are:
i)Table
ii)Form
iii)Query
iv)Report

18)    What is data type?
Ans: It is an attribute for a field that determines what type of data it can contain.

19)    Write any four data types of MS-Access.
Ans: Any four data types of MS-Access are:
i)Text
ii)Number
iii)Memo
iv)Currency

20)    List any four types of field properties used by MS-Access. 
Ans: The four types of field properties of MS-Access are:
i)Caption
ii)Format
iii)Validation rule
iv)Input mask

21)    What is validation rule? Define validation text.
Ans:
Validation rule: A field property which enables to limit values that can be accepted into a field is known as validation rule.
Validation text: A field property which allows type text to be displayed if the user input value is prohibited by the validation rule is known as validation text.
22)    Differentiate between text and memo.
Ans:
Text    Memo
i) It is used for storing text or combination of text and numbers.    i) It is used for storing lengthy text and numbers.
ii) It can store up to 2055 characters.    ii) It can store up to 65,535 characters.
23)    What is field size? What is the use of ‘Format’ field property?
Ans: Field size is a field property that specifies the maximum number of characters allowed in the field.
The use of ‘Format’ field property is to display data in a different format.

24)    Write down the use of Lookup Wizard and Hyperlink data types.
Ans: The use of Lookup Wizard is that it creates a field that allows choosing a value from another table or from a list of values by using a list box or combo box.
The use of Hyperlink is that it stores hyper like addresses like email addresses, websites, database objects or other field.

25)    Define indexing. Mention its types.
Ans: Indexing is one of the important properties of database that speed up searching and storing of records using on the field.
Its types are:
•    Primary indexing
•    Secondary indexing
•    Clustering indexing

26)    Define relationship with its types.
Ans: Relationship is an association among several entities (table).
Its types are:
i)One to one relationship
ii)One to many relationship
iii)Many to many relationship

27)    What is referential integrity?
Ans: Referential integrity is a set of rules used by RDBMS to make sure that the relationships between tables are valid and that the related data is not accidentally changed or deleted.

28)    Define field.
Ans: A column in a table is called field, and it contains a specific piece of information within a record.

29)    Differentiate between field and record.
Ans:
Field    Record
i) A column in a table is called field, and it contains a specific piece of information within a record.    i) Record is a collection of multiple related fields in a row which gives complete information about a person or thing.
ii) E.g.: Name, Address, Telephone    ii)E.g.: Ram Chabahil 4468790
30)    While designing table structure which data types are suitable to store information about teacher’s name, address, salary and date of birth.
Ans: 
Teacher’s name - Text
Address – Text
Salary – Currency
Date of birth – Date/Time

31)    What happens when we enter text in a numeric field?
Ans: If we enter text in a numeric field then it displays the errors.

32)    What is Primary key? Why is it needed?
Ans: Primary key is a field that uniquely identifies the record. It is needed because it neither accepts duplicate values now null values.

33)    Write any two uses of Primary key?
Ans: The uses of Primary key are:
i) To reduce and control duplication of record in a table.
ii) To set the relationship between tables.

34)    What is composite and foreign key?
Ans: The group of primary key that consists of two or more attributes is called composite key.
Foreign key is a unique field or combination of fields in linked table whose value matches with a primary key in another table.

35)    Define sorting and filtering in MS-Access
Ans: Sorting means grouping all the records in a table either in ascending or descending order based on a key field of the record
Filtering is an option that selects the required records and displays the result.

36)    How is sorting different from filtering?
Ans: Sorting arranges the record either in ascending or descending order whereas filtering selects the required records and displays the result.

37)    What are the advantages of sorting?
Ans: The advantages of sorting are:
i) It helps to find specific information quickly.
ii) It helps to arrange data in alphabetical order.

38)    What are the advantages of form over table?
Ans: The advantages of form over a table are:
i) It allows to design the layout of field on screen in any arrangement.
ii) It shows only the information we want to see.
iii) It can display one complete record at a time.

39)    How can data redundancy be controlled in MS-Access?
Ans: Data redundancy can be controlled in MS-Access by the use of “Primary Key”.

40)    Define table. Write different ways to create a table.
Ans: Table is an object of database that stores large volume of data in the form of rows and columns. 
The different ways to create table are:
i) Using design view
ii) Using wizard

41)    Write down the importance of table.
Ans: The importances of table are:
•    Different properties of a field can be set in a table.
•    It provides options for primary key which helps to make data consistent.

45)    Define query. Mention different types of query.
Ans: Query is an object of a database which extracts and arranges information from a table.
The different types of query are: 
i) Select query
ii) Action query
In action query, we have update query, append query, delete query and make-table query.

46)    What are the advantages of query?
Ans: The advantages of query are:
i) We can filer, perform calculations and summarize data.
ii) Large volume of records can be updated or deleted at a same time.
iii) It retrieves and display records including some fields or all the fields of a table or multiple linked tables.

47)    What are the purposes of query in MS-Access?
Ans: The purpose of query in MS-Access are:
i) To view records including some fields or all the fields of a table or multiple linked tables.
ii) To perform mathematical calculation of a data.
iii) To sort the records on the basis of one or more key fields.
iv) To perform mass update, delete or append new records to a table.

48)     What is select query? For what it can be used?
Ans: A select query is the most common categories and is used for extracting specific information from one or more tables in a database.
We use select query to group records and calculate sums, counts and average, minimum and maximum.

49)    What is update query?
Ans: Update query is a type of action query which make global changes in data of a table or more linked tables.

50)    Write the append query?
Ans: The use of append query is to add a group of records from one or more tables to the end of one or more tables.
51)    Write down the importance of query?
Ans: The importances of query are:
•    It allows user to make calculations and change data in automated fashion.
•    It provides option to delete all the unwanted data matching certain criteria.

52)    Differentiate between select query and action query.
Ans: 
Select query    Action query
i) It is a query which extracts specific information from one or more tables.    i) It is a query which makes changes to many records in just one operation.
ii) It cannot make changes in tales.    ii) It can do changes in tables by update, append.

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Networking & Telecomunnication | Computer Science

1)    What is communication?

Ans: Sending and receiving information 
between two or more persons is called 
communication.

2)    What is telecommunication?

Ans: A system of transmission of text, image, data

 and sound in the form of electronic signals is
 known as telecommunication.

3)    What is data communication?

Ans: Data communication system is the 

collection of hardware, software and other devices that 

allows exchanging data, information and voice between

 two or more device through a wire or radio wave.

4)    Write down the components of data communication.

Ans: The components of data communication are:

i) Data    ii) Sender    iii) Medium    iv) Receiver    v) Protocol

5)    What is medium?

Ans: A path through which the sender makes communication to the receiver is known as medium.

6)    What is protocol?

Ans: A set of rules that must be followed by sender and receiver to make communication possible 
is known as protocol.

7)    Write down the modes of data transmission.

Ans: The modes of data transmission are:

i) Simplex mode    ii)Half duplex mode    iii) Full Duplex Mode

8)    Define simplex mode with example.

Ans: Simplex mode communication is a mode of communication or data transmission in which data
 flows in one direction only.

E.g.: Newspaper and television broadcast.

9)    Define half duplex mode with example.

Ans: Half duplex communication is a mode of transmission in which data can be transmitted in
 both directions but only in one direction at a time.

E.g.: Wireless handset and walky-talky.

10)    What is full duplex mode? Give example.

Ans: Full duplex communication is a mode of transmission in which data is transmitted in both
 the direction simultaneously on the same channel.

E.g.: Telephone, internet chat, etc.

11)    What is bandwidth?

Ans: Bandwidth can be defined as the data handling capacity of a communication system.
 It is measured in cycles per second (cps) and bits per second (bps) in analogue and digital
 devices respectively.The maximum volume of data that can be transmitted through communication 
is called bandwidth.

12)    What is communication or transmission medium?

Ans: Communication or transmission medium is a channel through which data or signals can
 be transmitted from one point to another.

13)    How can we measure bandwidth?

Ans: We can measure bandwidth in digital devices by bits per second and in analogue devices by
 cycles per second or Hertz (Hz).

14)    What is guided medium?

Ans: Guided medium is the transmission medium in which data signals flow through specified
 path in cable or wires. E.g.: twisted pair cable, co-axial cable, fibre optics cable, etc.

15)    What is unguided medium?

Ans: Unguided medium is the transmission medium in which data/signals flow through
 the air. E.g.: radio frequency, microwave, infrared transmission, etc.

16)    Write down the types of communication medium.

Ans: The types of communication medium are:

i) Guided or bounded or wired medium

ii) Unguided or unbounded or wireless medium

17)    What is twisted pair cable?

Ans: The type of wires which are made of copper and a pair of wires are twisted together is known
 as twisted pair cable.

18)    What is co-axial cable?

Ans: A wire with single ended single reference where the central conductor carries the data signal.

19)    What is fiber optics cable?

Ans: Fiber optics cable is one of the costlier cables used in data communication which uses light
 to carry a data signal through the cable.

20)    What is radio wave transmission?

Ans: A type of unguided transmission in which the signal is carried over by carrier wave is known 
as radio wave transmission.

21)    What is microwave transmission?

Ans: Microwave, which is also called line of sight communication, is a wireless technology that
 can be used to transmit data between two different networks or computers.

22)    What is infrared transmission?

Ans: Infrared transmissions are just below visible transmission light which allows high speed
 data transmission.

23)    Differentiate between guided and unguided media.

Ans: The differences between guided and unguided media are:

Guided media    Unguided media

•    It is the transmission media in which data signals flows through specified path.    •    It is the transmission 

media in which data signal flows through air.

•    Data or a signal sent through it propagates in the form of voltage, current or photons.    •    Data or a signal 

sent through it propagates in the form of electromagnetic waves.

•    It is mainly suited for point to point line configuration.    •    It is mainly used for broadcasting purposes.

•    Example: twisted pair cable, co-axial cable, fiber optics, etc.    •    Example: radio wave, microwave, infrared, etc.

24)    Differentiate between shielded and unshielded twisted pair.

Ans: The differences between shielded twisted pair and unshielded twisted pair are:

Shielded twisted pair    Unshielded twisted pair

•    It is made up of twisted pair wires with additional shielded and drain wires.    •    It is made up of twisted pair 

wires without additional shielded and drain wires.

•    D-shell connectors are used with shielded twisted pair.    •    RJ-45 connector is commonly used with

 unshielded twisted pair.

•    It is costlier than UPT cables.    •    It is cheaper than STP cables.

•    It has got better noise rejection capacity.    •    It has poor noise rejection capacity.

25)    Differentiate between radio wave and microwave communication media.

Ans: The differences between radio wave and microwave are as follows:

Radio wave    Microwave

•    It is a form of wireless communications in which signals are sent through radio frequency waves.    •    It is a 

form of wireless communication in which data signals are sent through pulses of electromagnetic energy.

•    It requires antenna for connection.    •    It requires repeater or amplifier for communication.

•    It provides low bandwidth for data communication.    •    It provides higher bandwidth for data communication.

•    It doesn’t require a line of sight.    •    It requires a line of sight.

26)    What is computer network?

Ans: Computer network means two or more computers connected with each other to share data,
 hardware, software and other resources.

27)    Write down any four advantages of computer network.

Ans: Any four advantages of computer network are as follows:

i) Computer in a network can access network connected hardware devices like printer, 
disk drives, etc.

ii) Information can be exchanged rapidly in computer network.

iii) Computers in a network environment can be updated from any computer.

iv) Software packages can be shared between network connected computers.

28)    Write any 4 disadvantages of computer network.

Ans: Any 4 disadvantages of computer network are as follows:

i) Failure of server stops application being available.

ii) Network failure causes loss of data.

iii) Network makes user works dependent.

iv) System opens to hackers.

29)    Define hardware components.

Ans: Physical parts and devices used to connect computers in the network environment are 
called hardware components.

30)    What is server?

Ans: A server is the main computer that provides services, data and other resources to the other 

computers in the network environment.

31)    Write down any three features of LAN.

Ans: Any three features of LAN are:

i) The diameter is not more than a few kilometres.

ii) LAN offers bandwidth of 10-100 Mbps.

iii) It is controlled by single organization.

32)    Write down the features of MAN.

Ans: The features of MAN are:

i) It covers a limited geographical area.

ii) It may be owned by single or multiple organizations.

iii) It uses cable or wireless connections.

iv) It uses private or public connection medium.

33)    Write down the features of WAN.

Ans: The features of WAN are:

i) It covers a large geographical area.

ii) It is owned by multiple organizations.

iii) It uses public connection medium.

34)    What is topology?

Ans: The arrangement or connection pattern of computer or nodes and other devices of the
 network are known as topology.

35)    What is node?

Ans: Each computer or device of network is called node.

36)    What are the advantages and disadvantages of bus topology?

Ans: The advantages are:

i) It is easy to set up computers and other devices in bus topology.

ii) It requires less cable media so it is cheaper.

iii) It is easy to add new node to the network.

The disadvantages of bus topology are:

i) The whole network system collapse if the cable or backbone is damaged.

ii) The network slows down in additional computers are connected.

iii) The limited length of the cable in the network may restrict to connect the workstations or devices.

iv) Difficult to detect errors.

37)    Write down the differences between MAN and LAN.

Ans:

LAN    MAN

It is a network which covers small area i.e. within a room, building, or short distance.   
 It is a network which covers an entire city or a big area.

It is controlled by a single organization.    It is controlled by single or group of organization.

It uses private connection media.    It uses private or public connection media.

E.g.: network in a school, college or cyber café.    E.g.: interconnection between different branches on same branch

38)    Write down the differences between MAN and WAN.

Ans:

MAN    WAN

It is a network which covers an entire city.    It is a network that covers large area or whole world.

It is controlled by single or group of organizations.    It is controlled my multiple organizations.

It uses private or public connection media.    It uses public communication media like telephone or 

wireless technology.

39)    What is bus topology?

Ans: The topology in which computers and other devices are arranged in linear format is called
 bus topology.

40)    What is ring topology?

Ans: The topology in which computers are connected in the shape of a circle without any end points 
is called 

ring topology.

41)    What is star topology?

Ans: The topology in which all computers or the network devices are connected through a 
central device in the shape of star structure is called star topology.

42)    What is client/server network?

Ans: Client/ server network is a type of network architecture that consist of at least one server and one or 

more workstations.

43)    What is peer-to-peer network?

Ans: Peer-to-peer network is a type of network architecture in which computers function both as
 workstation and server.

44)    What do you mean by centralized computing network.

Ans: A centralized computing network is a network in which a central host computer performs data

 processing and storage on behalf of clients.

45)    What is workstation?

Ans: Workstation is a computer network that utilizes network resources.

46)    Differentiate between client/server network and peer-to-peer network.

Ans:

Client/Server network    Peer-to-peer network

It consists of at least one server and one or more client.    It is a group of computers which function both as

 server and workstation.

It provides centralized network administration.    It lacks centralized network administration.

It provides high security of data and other resources.    It provides no reliable security and might put data 

on risk.

It is suitable for large organization where data security is required.    It is suitable for small organization 

and home usage where data and other securities are not required.

47)    What is router?

Ans: A router is an intelligent network device which connects two different networks having

 same protocol.

48)    What is NIC?

Ans: A Network Interface Card (NIC) is the adapter through which the computer is connected 
to the network.

49)    What is cable?

Ans: Cables are commonly used media of physical channel for transmitting data between computers
 in network.

50)    What is connector?

 Ans: Connector is an interface between the NIC of the computer and the cable that passes data between 

computers in network.

51)    Write down the main function of NIC?

Ans: The main function of NIC is to act as the interface to connect the computer to network and 

control the flow of data in computer network.

52)    What is hub?

Ans: A hub is a network device that joins multiple computers and other devices through its port.

53)    What is switch?

Ans: A switch is a network device that connects computers, network devices and LAN segments.

54)    What is gateway?

Ans: Gateway is a dedicated server that connects two networks having dissimilar communication protocols.

55)    What is repeater?

Ans: Repeater is a device that amplifies the incoming signals, creates a copy of it and transmits the 

signal on network.

56)    What is MODEM?

Ans: MODEM is a device which is used to transfer the data of one computer to another computer using 

telephone lines.

57)    What is modulation?

Ans: The process of translating digital signals of a computer to analog signals, which are then transmitted 

across the standard telephone lines, is known as modulation.

58)    What is demodulation?

Ans: The process of translating analog signals from a phone line and converts then into digital signals for the 

computer is known as demodulation.

59)    What is device driver?

Ans: Device driver is a program that controls the functionality of the hardware device.

60)    What is intranet?

Ans: An intranet is a private computer network that uses the internet protocol to securely share any 

part of information of an organization.

61)    What is extranet?

Ans: An extranet is a computer network that allows controlled access from outside for specific business or 

educational purposes.

62)    Give any four examples of network operating system.

Ans: Any four examples of network operating system are:

•    Novell network

•    Microsoft Windows NT

•    Linux

•    Unix

63)    Write down the function of NIC.

Ans: The function of NIC is to convert data into electronic signals and transfer them through
 cables and vice-versa.

64)    Write down the importance of MODEM.

Ans: The importances of MODEM are:

•    Access internet

•    Perform modulation and demodulation process

•    Transfer data from one computer to another through telephone line

65)    Define LAN.

Ans: A LAN is a network of computers that are relatively near to each other and are connected in a 

way that enables them to communicate by using cables and small wireless devices.

66)    Define MAN.

Ans: A MAN is a network of computer is computers which are spread over a metropolitan 
area such as within a city.

67)    Define WAN.

Ans: A WAN is a network system of connecting two or more computers generally across a 
wide geographical area such as cities, districts, and countries.

68)    Give any two examples of data communication.

Ans: Any two examples of data communication are:

•    E-mail

•    Chat

69)    Write down the disadvantages of client server.

Ans: The disadvantages are:

i) It is more expensive than peer-to-peer.

ii) A wee-trained network administration is required to manage network.

70)    Write down the disadvantages of peer-to-peer.

Ans: The disadvantages are

i) The expansion of network is limited.

ii) It tends to slow down with network load.

71)    What is network operating system?

Ans: Network operating system is a set of computer program that manages the resources on network.

72)    What are the advantages and disadvantages of ring topology?

Ans: The advantages of ring topology are :

i) It is easy it set up and configure.

ii) Each computer gets equal opportunity to access the network resources.

iii) It supports high data transmission rate.

The disadvantages of ring topology are :

i)Failure of any cable or single computers may affect the entire network.

ii) It is difficult to detect the errors.

iii) Adding/removing the devices affect the entire network.

73)    What are the advantages and disadvantages of star topology?

Ans: The advantages of star topology are :

i) Easy to set up and configure.

ii) Failure of single computer or cable doesn’t affect the entire network.

iii) It is easy to detect errors.

iv) It is easy to extend to network by attaching new devices to the central devices.

The disadvantages of star topology are:

i) It requires more cable in comparison of bus topology so it is more costly.

ii) Failure of central devices (hub or switch) break down the whole system.

74)    What are the advantages and disadvantages of bus topology?

Ans: The advantages of bus topology are:

i.    It is easy to set up computers and other devices in bus topology, because all the devices are 

connected through a single wire.

ii.    It requires fewer cable media, so it is cheaper than other topologies.

The disadvantages of disadvantages are:

•    The whole network system collapses if the cable or backbone is damaged.

•    The network slows down if additional computers are connected.

•    The limited length of the cable in a network may restrict to connect the workstation or devices.

•    It is difficult to detect the errors in this network.

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